高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区景观变化   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

邓茂林  田昆  段宗亮  周耀华  杨佼  王进琼 《山地学报》2010,28(2)

以1990年和2000年及2007年landsat5 TM影像解译出的景观格局图为主要数据源,应用FRAGSTATS软件对景观斑块数、斑块面积百分比、Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度等7个景观格局指数及景观类型转移矩阵定量,分析近20年来若尔盖保护区景观格局动态变化及其驱动因子.结果表明:17年来,若尔盖国家级自然保护区的斑块数、斑块面积百分比、聚合度、Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度都发生了较大变化,景观尺度下退化沼泽为景观基底占优势的景观类型,2007年占全区总面积比例48.05%,该区在人类活动影响下,景观破碎度和异质性先降低后期增加,优势度增加后降低.1990～2000年,湖沼和河流水面积减少,沙地治理,退化沼泽、草甸和灌木面积分别增加了1 978.60 hm2、2 559.09 hm2和824.27 hm2,2000～2007年,湖沼水面积仍在退缩,退化沼泽、草甸类的草场面积持续增加,沙地显著增加1 945.90 hm2.气候变暖叠加人为排水疏干、过度放牧、无序旅游、管理局的保护管理及基础建设等是保护区湿地景观格局变化的主要驱动因素.  相似文献   

Soil fertility evolution and landscape dynamics in a Mediterranean area: a case study in the Sant Llorenç Natural Park (Barcelona, NE Spain)     

Jordi Nadal  Albert Pèlachs  David Molina  Joan-Manuel Soriano 《Area》2009,41(2):129-138

The cartography of land covers was used to study fertility and soil evolution in a mountainous Mediterranean area during the anthropocene period ( Crutzen P J 2002 Geology of mankind Nature 415 23). The aim was to determine changes in fertility as agricultural lands were abandoned in the 14 000 hectare area that constitutes Sant Llorenç del Munt Natural Park in a pre-coastal Catalan mountain range (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula). The analysis of land covers using vegetation maps, orthorectified images and aerial photography has allowed us to differentiate six vegetation groups: holm-oak wood, pine grove, oak wood, scrub, active agricultural fields and abandoned agricultural fields. The anthropic covers over the past 100 years were subdivided into five categories: active fields and those abandoned over four time periods. Study variables include field shape (concave, convex, flat), orientation (north, south) and slope (ranging from 12º to 24º). The parameters used for the physical-chemical soil analysis included organic material, phosphorous and potassium; fertility was classified based on groups, types and classes. The results indicate that even when the visual appearance of certain landscapes is similar, the edaphic characteristics may be very different. Changes induced by human disturbance share this phenomenon. Therefore, land management should be considered globally, taking into account vegetation, soils and water as interdependent factors, since it is their interaction that produces landscape and most affects its evolution over time.  相似文献   

Spatial analysis of instream nitrogen loads and factors controlling nitrogen delivery to streams in the southeastern United States using spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes (SPARROW) and regional classification frameworks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anne B. Hoos  Gerard McMahon 《水文研究》2009,23(16):2275-2294

Understanding how nitrogen transport across the landscape varies with landscape characteristics is important for developing sound nitrogen management policies. We used a spatially referenced regression analysis (SPARROW) to examine landscape characteristics influencing delivery of nitrogen from sources in a watershed to stream channels. Modelled landscape delivery ratio varies widely (by a factor of 4) among watersheds in the southeastern United States—higher in the western part (Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi) than in the eastern part, and the average value for the region is lower compared to other parts of the nation. When we model landscape delivery ratio as a continuous function of local‐scale landscape characteristics, we estimate a spatial pattern that varies as a function of soil and climate characteristics but exhibits spatial structure in residuals (observed load minus predicted load). The spatial pattern of modelled landscape delivery ratio and the spatial pattern of residuals coincide spatially with Level III ecoregions and also with hydrologic landscape regions. Subsequent incorporation into the model of these frameworks as regional scale variables improves estimation of landscape delivery ratio, evidenced by reduced spatial bias in residuals, and suggests that cross‐scale processes affect nitrogen attenuation on the landscape. The model‐fitted coefficient values are logically consistent with the hypothesis that broad‐scale classifications of hydrologic response help to explain differential rates of nitrogen attenuation, controlling for local‐scale landscape characteristics. Negative model coefficients for hydrologic landscape regions where the primary flow path is shallow ground water suggest that a lower fraction of nitrogen mass will be delivered to streams; this relation is reversed for regions where the primary flow path is overland flow. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Complex multiple cosmogenic nuclide concentration and histories in the arid Rio Lluta catchment,northern Chile     

F. Kober  S. Ivy‐Ochs  G. Zeilinger  F. Schlunegger  P. W. Kubik  H. Baur  R. Wieler 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(3):398-412

Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) concentrations measured in river sediments can be used to estimate catchment‐wide denudation rates. By investigating multiple TCN the steadiness of sediment generation, transport and depositional processes can be tested. Measurements of ¹⁰Be, ²¹Ne and ²⁶Al from the hyper‐ to semi‐arid Rio Lluta catchment, northern Chile, yield average single denudation rates ranging from 12 to 75 m Myr^–1 throughout the catchment. Paired nuclide analysis reveals complex exposure histories for most of the samples and thus the single nuclide estimates do not exclusively represent catchment‐wide denudation rates. The lower range of single nuclide denudation rates (12–17 m Myr^–1), established with the noble gas ²¹Ne, is in accordance with palaeodenudation rates derived from ²¹Ne/¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be ratio analysis. Since this denudation rate range is measured throughout the system, it is suggested that a headwater signal is transported downstream but modulated by a complex admixture of sediment that has been stored and buried at proximal hillslope or terrace deposits, which are released during high discharge events. That is best evidenced by the stable nuclide ²¹Ne, which preserves the nuclide concentration even during storage intervals. The catchment‐wide single ²¹Ne denudation rates and the palaeodenuation rates contrast with previous TCN‐derived erosion rates from bedrock exposures at hillslope interfluves by being at least one order of magnitude higher, especially in the lower river course. These results support earlier studies that identified a coupling of erosional processes in the Western Cordillera contrasting with decoupled processes in the Western Escarpment and in the Coastal Cordillera. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Multi‐process Late Quaternary landscape evolution modelling reveals lags in climate response over small spatial scales     

A. J. A. M. Temme  A. Veldkamp 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(4):573-589

Landscapes evolve in complex, non‐linear ways over Quaternary timespans. Integrated geomorphological field studies usually yield plausible hypotheses about timing and impact of process activity. Landscape Evolution Models (LEMs) have the potential to test and falsify these landscape evolution hypotheses. Despite this potential, LEMs have mainly been used with hypothetical data and rarely to simulate the evolution of an actual landscape. In this paper, we use a LEM (LAPSUS: LandscApe ProcesS modelling at mUlti dimensions and scaleS) to explore if it is possible to test and falsify conclusions of an earlier field study on 50 ka landscape evolution in Okhombe Valley, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. In this LEM, five landscape processes interact without supervision: water driven erosion and deposition, creep, solifluction, biological weathering and frost weathering. Calibration matched model results to three types of qualitative fieldwork observations: individual process activity over time, relative process activity over time and net landscape changes over time. Results demonstrate that landscape evolution of the Okhombe valley can be plausibly simulated. A particularly interesting and persistent feature of model results are erosional and depositional phases that lag climatic drivers both by decades, and by several ka within a few hundred meters. The longer lag has not been reported for this spatial scale before and may be an effect of slow landscape‐soil‐vegetation feedbacks. The combined modelling and fieldwork results allow a more complete understanding of these responses to climate change and can fill in hiatuses in the stratigraphical record. Suggestions are made for methodological adaptations for future LEM studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

长江三峡地区全新世环境演变及其古文化响应   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

史威  朱诚  李世杰  马春梅 《地理学报》2009,64(11)

依据长江三峡地区大九湖和玉溪剖面AMS14C测年数据(校正为日历年)建立了约9.3～2ka BP高分辨率多环境代用指标(δ13C、K、腐殖化度、抱粉总浓度、Rb、Sr及Rb/Sr)的变化曲线,并在此基础上与研究区周边反映全新世气候环境变化的不同沉积记录进行综合对比分析.与此同时,本文还通过对研究区古遗址和古洪水层的统计分析,获取了本区新石器以来古文化兴衰变迁和古洪水发生的完整信息.研究结果表明:(1)本区全新世大暖期约出现在7.6～4 ka BP.9.3～7.6 ka BP,本区气候极不稳定,波动幅度大,总体上冷湿,多次出现显著的降温或干旱事件(9.1、8.2和7.7 ka BP前后);4～2 ka BP,本区气候较此前偏干凉,且波动频繁.(2)7.6～ka BP的大暖期分为三个演变阶段:即6～5 ka BP为大暖期的鼎盛期,气候稳定,温暖湿润,植被及生态条件优越,洪水发生频率低;7.6～6 ka BP和5～4 ka BP为大暖期中具有不稳定特征的过渡期,其中5～4 ka BP及4 ka BP前后的降温事件仍较显著,且多发洪水.(3)本区史前古文化的主要形成发展期与大暖期持续阶段相对应,其中耕作业相对发达的大溪文化繁荣期出现在大暖期中的鼎盛阶段(约6～5 ka BP),大溪文化前后处于低潮及表现为衰退现象的古文化则对应气候环境的不稳定期,总体上,研究区古文化响应气候环境变化的主要方式是通过改变其生业结构的途径来实现的.  相似文献   

Ecologically based landscape pattern optimization in northwest of Beijing     

YUE Depeng  WANG Jiping  LIU Yongbing  ZHANG Xiaoli  LI Hailong  WANG Jie 《地理学报》2009,19(3):359-372

Supported by the technologies of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS), we chose northwest of Beijing as a study area and gave priority to understanding of the spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape pattern change through visually interpreted Landsat TM images of 1989, 1996 and 2005. It is believed that there were a series of landscape ecological problems caused by city expansion: landscape ecological connectivity was low; landscape structure was simplified; the fragmentation of green land patch was more obvious on the plain areas, moreover, spatial distribution of green land was unbalanced. For this reason, this study adopted accumulative cost distance model, combined with ecosystem services and spatial interactions of landscape types, analyzed the spatial difference of the ecological function and the compactness of landscape structure in the study area, and further discussed the landscape pattern optimization proposal. We find that it is essential to protect and establish ecological sources, to establish urban ecological corridors, and to establish ecological nodes at the landscape ecological strategic positions so as to intensify spatial relationships among landscape elements and maintain continuity of landscape ecological process and pattern in the course of city expansion. The methods and final results from this study are expected to be useful for landscape ecological planning in Beijing region.  相似文献   

旅游景观生态系统格局研究方法探讨——以云南省丽江纳西族自治县为例   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

蒋依依  王仰麟  成升魁 《地理研究》2009,28(4):1069-1077

在旅游景观生态系统格局理论研究基础上,为反映功能异质性特征,从要素作用空间分异的角度,较为系统地建立了格局研究的方法体系。文章选择云南省丽江县进行了案例研究,结果表明:(1)方法的提出丰富了现有景观格局研究工作,结构与过程研究的结合,更符合旅游景观生态系统中以旅游者为主导的要素相互作用空间过程;(2)方法具有较高的应用价值,例如斑块范围研究能更好地反映旅游者的实际活动范围,为旅游目的地的旅游者管理与自然环境保护提供了更符合实际应用的空间依据。  相似文献   

峰丛洼地石漠化景观演化与土地利用模式   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

但文红  张聪  宋江  王丽 《地理研究》2009,28(6):1615-1624

峰丛洼地石漠化景观格局是土壤分布空间格局的制约下,岩溶生态系统对植被强烈依附性条下,由不同类型人类活动决定的。农耕、放牧和砍伐是最主要的破坏峰丛植被的人类活动;缓坡耕地形成轻度石漠化景观;陡坡地形成中度石漠化景观,因坡面土壤流失,演化为更高等级石漠化景观;峰丛陡坡放牧和砍伐都可能直接形成峰丛上部大面积中-强度石漠化景观,出现峰丛坡面石漠化景观分异,产生不同的土地利用模式。  相似文献   

基于遥感影像的哈尔滨市城市热环境变化     

张新乐  张树文  李颖  谢云峰  匡文慧 《干旱区地理》2009,32(2)

以Landsat TM/ETM+为基本数据源,利用遥感和GIS技术定量反演了哈尔滨市1989和2000年的地面亮温和植被指数(NDVI),对标准化地面亮温分级数据进行热力景观指数计算,研究城市热场分布的空间格局、时空变化规律和不同植被指数(NDVI)等级下热环境的变化特征.结果表明:1989和2000年哈尔滨市建成区均存在显著的热岛效应,2000年建成区热岛效应增强,哈尔滨市总体地面亮温升高;热力景观日趋破碎,各景观类型受干扰程度较大,处于很不稳定的状态.NDVI与地面亮温的负相关性随着植被覆盖度的升高而增大;植被覆盖度与地面亮温的空间变异呈负相关.  相似文献